A history of multicultural America. Questions and answers Essay

A history of multicultural America. Questions and answers - Essay Example The original servants in the Virginia Colony were indentured African servants and indentured White servants who came to the colony intentionally for earning money. However, the African servants that came to the colony were war captives or from enemy tribes (Takaki). Question 2: What is the difference between being an indentured servant and being a slave? Indentured servants were quite different from slaves as they were paid for their work and they worked as free workers bound under some agreement between them and the company for an agreed time period. The slaves were deprived of any rights and salary that were approved for indentured servants (Takaki). Question 3: What angered black American soldiers about the roles that were assigned to them during WWII? During WWII, the Black American soldiers were assigned different roles as compared to White American soldiers, which angered them. The roles were related to labor and non-combating positions. They were regarded unfit for combating due to which, they were assigned labor roles and other odd jobs to perform. Considering discrimination and inequality, they were angered. Even after the war, their testimonies were not collected as they were recorded from White soldiers (Takaki). Question 4: What was the major result of Bacon's Rebellion for blacks? The major result of Bacon’s Rebellion for blacks was increase in black slavery as the farm owners in fear of another rebellion and its aftereffects, started investing in acquiring slaves in place of indentured servants to get rid of any similar issue at all. They turned to Africa for slaves who became their primary source of labor (Takaki). Question 5: What was Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward slavery? How did he treat his own slaves? W hat did he believe should happen to blacks if they were freed from slavery? Jefferson’s attitude towards slavery was incongruous as condemned slavery openly and also had hundreds of slaves working on his plantation. He became the richest person on his land based on the expansion of his cultivated land, buying, and selling of slaves. He had appointed overseers for observing the slaves, their work, and these overseers were allowed to make use of physical violence for making them work. His treatment was cruel that can be noticed in his treatment of Hubbard, his slave who tried to escape. According to Jefferson, black slaves would not be able to feed themselves and take care of themselves if they were freed. He also proposed of deporting the blacks back to Africa after freeing them from slavery considering them inappropriate as free citizens in a White man’s society. Jefferson regarded blacks inferior to white population (Takaki). Question 6: Who was Phillis Wheatley, and what were the arguments that she put forward about blacks and slavery? Phillis Wheatley was a female poet and she was a slave brought from Africa. She had her own experience of ‘slave trade’, ‘forced separation from parents’ and ‘bondage in America’. She regarded slavery as a tyrannical institution depriving blacks of their rights and lives. She emphasized equality of blacks and informed that blacks were religiously equal to whites (Takaki). Question 7: Who was Benjamin Banneker? What stereotype about blacks did he work to dispel? What were his arguments? Benjamin Banneker was a black mathematician. He was also a slave like Wheatley. He dismissed Jefferson’s views about inferiority of intellect in blacks. He dispelled the stereotype about blacks that they were intellectually inferior to whites. He regarded Jefferson as a hypocrite. Banneker explained liberty as a ‘natural right’ for blacks. He talked about abolition of slave ry. He rejected the very notion of black inferiority (Takaki). Question 8: What were some of the ways slaves were managed by their masters? Overseers were appointed for black slaves that supervised them for work and threatened people for working by

The Childs First Step, as Awesome as an Earthquake Essay

The Childs First Step, as Awesome as an Earthquake - Essay Example The poet is writing from the child’s viewpoint or from an observer’s viewpoint that the reaction to this would be so much discussed that it would seem as awesome as an earthquake (Sexton, 511). Poem Title: ‘Mother to Son’ by Langston Hughes Metaphor: Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair (Line 2). What the Metaphor adds to the Poem: Here the poet is comparing life to a crystal stairway. Life for the mother has not been easy, as opposed to a crystal stairway where one can see where one is going at all times. Rather life has been rather difficult and there were times when she was not sure that the results of her efforts would be successful (Hughes, 508). Poem Title: ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ by Robert Frost Personification: The woods are lovely, dark and deep (Line 13) What the Personification adds to the Poem: Frost’s poetry is known for its natural themes, yet there are invariably two meanings attached to it. One is the literal meaning, which as the poem goes, makes absolute sense. But there is also another hidden and figurative meaning, one more philosophical, that one sees in his poems. Here the woods have been compared to life’s uncharted and unexplored pathways. They stand on the brink between what one knows and what one doesn’t. ... She explores daily life events in all their truthfulness. The message of the poem ‘Courage’ is that we see bravery reflected in life’s small actions such as walking or cycling without support, willing to bear the taunts of class fellows etc. Thus we should cherish these emotions and remember them because they contributed to our personality (Sexton, 512). One poem that demonstrates the desire to restrain emotion: ‘Mother to Son’ by Langston Hughes. Reasons for my choice: Although the mother is very candid in telling her son that life for her has been a tough experience, the message here is that the son should never give up hope but trudge through life’s dark and difficult passages with a positive demeanor and contrite heart. God helps those who help themselves. 3. Essay discussing the use of imagery in two of the poems read: Imagery is one of the main reasons why poems appeal to us. It is often said that we think in pictures and the appreciation of poetry and song by the literati as well as the man on the street show that this feeling runs across all sections of society. Taking Robert Frost’s ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ one can easily imagine the traveler, the horse, and the scene as they stop by the woods and the lake, taking in the beauty and contemplating what they have accomplished and what remains to be done. The eyes, ears, and mind can easily put the reader in the picture (Frost, 516). Similarly in ‘Mending Wall’, one can easily imagine Frost and his neighbor as they repair the walls that separate their gardens and backyards. The eyes and the mind can almost see the neighbors working to do this and Frost also gives a candid picture of pine trees in his neighbor’s lot while he has apples in his own.

The Causes Of Over Sleeping English Language Essay

The Causes Of Over Sleeping English Language Essay What causes over sleeping you ask? Over sleeping is caused by many different factors. Things such as not getting enough sleep and not setting your alarm clock to wake you up can contribute to you not waking up from your sleep when it is time to. Many people contribute this to factors that may be deemed medical related and may actually not be medical related illnesses. While many people suffer from sleep deprivation or sleep loss, occasionally there are those who suffer from getting too much rest. Normally this would not be a problem but you have to think about this issue from the perspective of how it affects your career or your home life. Lets take for instance if you are a working person and you have a career or just a job where your employer depends on you being to work on time. A pattern of being late may get you reprimanded or even worse fired. A case of oversleeping on added to an already pattern of tardiness and or lateness for other reasons can be disastrous. Or take for exam ple you drop off your kid at your parents house and they have somewhere important to be and you dont wake up on time. This will cause a real problem for you with your parents. So this can be a problem beyond just getting way too much rest. Having a good alarm clock is essential to keeping yourself from over sleeping. You need on that is loud or audible enough to wake you up on those mornings where you just dont feel like getting out of the bed. You will need to develop a pattern of checking and double checking your alarm to make sure it is properly set to wake you up in the mornings. There is another issue with alarm clocks with making sure they are set properly and that is to ensure you have a backup battery in your alarm clock. A back up battery will give you about an hour of time to get the power back on in case of a power failure to keep your settings saved in the alarm clock. This is something that will happen from time to time that you will have no control over so in order to avoid the problem just make sure that a battery is present in the clock and that it is fully functional. http://hubpages.com/hub/what-causes-over-sleeping Problems Linked to Oversleeping Diabetes. In a study of almost 9,000 Americans, researchers found a relationship between sleep and the risk of diabetes. People who slept more than nine hours each night had a 50% greater risk of diabetes than people who slept seven hours per night. This increased risk was also seen in people who slept less than five hours per night. The researchers did not draw conclusions about the physiological link between long sleep and diabetes. But they did suggest that oversleeping could be indicative of underlying medical problems that increase the likelihood of diabetes. Obesity. Sleeping too much could make you weigh too much, as well. One recent study showed that people who slept for nine or 10 hours every night were 21% more likely to become obese over a six-year period than were people who slept between seven and eight hours. This association between sleep and obesity remained the same even when food intake and exercise were taken into account. Headaches. For some people prone to headaches, sleeping longer than usual on a weekend or vacation can cause head pain. Researchers believe this is due to the effect oversleeping has on certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin. People who sleep too much during the day and disrupt their nighttime sleep may also find themselves suffering from headaches in the morning. Back pain. There was a time when doctors told people suffering from back pain to head straight to bed. But those days are long gone. You do need to curtail your regular exercise program when you are experiencing back pain. But doctors now realize the health benefits of maintaining a certain level of activity. And they recommend against sleeping more than usual, when possible. Depression. Although insomnia is more commonly linked to depression than oversleeping, roughly 15% of people with depression sleep too much. This may in turn make their depression worse. Thats because regular sleep habits are important to the recovery process. Need another reason not to overdo the ZZZs when youre blue? In certain instances, sleep deprivation can be an effective treatment for depression. Heart disease. The Nurses Health Study involved nearly 72,000 women. A careful analysis of the data from that study showed that women who slept nine to 11 hours per night were 38% more likely to have coronary heart disease than women who slept eight hours. Researchers have not yet identified a reason for the connection between oversleeping and heart disease. Death. Multiple studies have found that people who sleep nine or more hours a night have significantly higher death rates than people sleeping seven to eight hours a night. No specific reason for this correlation has been determined. But researchers found that depression and low socioeconomic status are also associated with longer sleep. They speculate these factors could be related to the observed increase in mortality for people who sleep too much http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/physical-side-effects-oversleeping Heres How to Stop Oversleeping: Step 1: Decide to Wake Upà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Theres no easier way to say it Oversleeping is an escape  mechanism. If you want to stop oversleeping, youd have to figure out why some part of you chooses to stay in bed. Confront it. Then decide to deal with it,  instead  of running away from it by oversleeping. Step 2: Get Motivated to Stop Oversleeping Come up with at least one strong reason WHY you want to stop oversleeping. Be as specific as you can.  It might help to write it down and read it to yourself daily. Change your attitude toward sleep. If you love to sleep, you have to start thinking about sleep as something you must do in order to survive. Nothing more. Stop making excuses like I need more sleep than the average person. You should be convinced that you can sleep less and have more energy than you have now, which is most likely true. Step 3: Commit to a Steady Sleep Schedule Its best if you can go to sleep and wake up at the same times every day. At least do you best to wake up at the same time, no matter how long you had sleptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Put the clock away from bed, set a wake up call, ask someone to throw you out of bed, whatever you need to do to make sure you wake up on time. Step 4: Improve your sleep There are many simple things you can do to get high quality sleep, which will allow you to get  more energy from less sleep. Step 5: Reduce sleep gradually If you sleep 10 hours every night, dont move to 7 hours all at once. Reduce 30-60 minutes every week or so. Dont beat yourself up when you fail, because it might only make things worse. Just learn from your mistakes and come up with a plan for the next day. Step 6: Raise your physical and mental energy Its good to stop oversleeping. Its better to be a highly energetic person.  Start working on changing your habits, lifestyle and mindset eat well, exercise, think more positively and so onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ http://a-sleep.com/1563/how-to-stop-oversleeping/

Essay --

Shreya Shirodkar Ms. Lane American Literature January 17, 2014 Laurie Halse Anderson: Changing the Scope of Young Adult Fiction How do you write about the major, live-changing events of people you've never met? How do you write about sensitive issues in an engaging, but still thought-provoking way? How do you write about your own demons so that others do not follow your path? Writer Laurie Halse Anderson could provide the answers to these questions. Written at a time when difficult topics, such as sexual harassment, were just beginning to be spoken about, her stories were a combination of her struggles and the struggles of teens across the country. Through her gift of storytelling, Laurie has brought previously taboo topics, such as date rape and depression, to the attention of teenagers and adults worldwide. LIFE Shockingly, this world famous young adult novelist did not always enjoy writing. Born in Potsdam, New York in 1961, Laurie initially had trouble reading and writing, but learned and eventually excelled in both as a result of the guidance she received from supportive teachers. Laurie specifically thanks her second grade teacher, who helped her realize that writing was â€Å"cool† (Anderson) during a lesson on haikus. Despite her newfound appreciation of writing, Laurie still didn’t want to become a writer; instead, she wanted to become a doctor ("Laurie Halse Anderson")! Unfortunately for her, Laurie was not very good at either mathematics or chemistry. For her final year of high school, Laurie decided to do something different. As part of a student’s exchange program, Laurie traveled to Denmark to study, where she had to work on a pig farm. Her experiences in Denmark helped her to grow into an independent young woman. After... ... home from WWII. Late at night, Laurie would hear her father shrieking, having nightmares about the war. As her father’s condition worsened, Laurie grew increasingly detached from the man she once knew and loved. Recalling the pain of that period in her life, Laurie wrote the story The Impossible Knife of Memory. In the story, the main character Hayley is attempting to take care of her father, who has PTSD. It can be assumed that some of Hayley’s experiences were actually Laurie’s own experiences. Today, Laurie has moved on from the past and shares a good rapport with her father, who unfortunately still suffers from PTSD (Deutsch). Throughout her youth, Laurie suffered from a disease of her own: body image issues. She was made of fun by her peers and was even called â€Å"Baby Hippo† (Anderson). For years, Laurie had an â€Å"unhealthy relationship with food† (???) â€Æ'

Asian Adolescents Career Insights Education Essay

This essay pertains to Asiatic striplings ‘ calling development ; specifically it pointed out issues and challenges among striplings draw a bead oning to complete a college grade. Social constructivism and Emic attacks were taken into consideration as lenses to amplify civilization specific issues of calling development and instruction among Asiatic striplings. A qualitative method was used by the writer to capture the lived calling development and instruction experiences of striplings. A modified consensual qualitative method was employed to analyse the narrations of 10 Filipinos, 10 Chinese-Filipinos and 10 Korean Adolescents enrolled in a University. A questionnaire was used to explain subjects as guided by the models of Super ( 1963 ) and Savickas ( 2005 ) . The survey cited civilization, household influence, values, perceived success and function theoretical accounts as of import factors in taking course/ plan and developing calling programs in the hereafter. Adolescents are expected to make up one's mind what class to take after their secondary schooling. Career determination devising is a important undertaking among striplings as it is become portion of their personal accommodation and self-identity. A Career is like a perennial dream, it is ever in advancement, until eventually this dream becomes so graphic and existent. It is nice to detect how kids function drama and so someday witness as they become a professor of a well-known university or watch a kid drama with rocks and so see the same kid go an applied scientist of high-rise edifices. Parents are eager to see their kids as successful persons, while instructors are really much fulfilled to see them boom in their chosen professions. In western states, calling instruction plans are introduced even in station primary and secondary degrees. In fact, Wood in 1990 prepared calling plans for 9th graders which composed of completion of calling studies, reading, and calling research for future involvements, and planning. 10th graders on the other manus learn about life planning, and larn household influences, parental engagement, every bit good as life timelines. 11th graders take pre-college trials such as the SAT ( scholastic aptitude trials ) to find farther educational and calling ends. Students are besides exposed to personality and values appraisal, and do firsthand observations of work and parttime occupations to acquire acquainted with their hereafter calling programs. Unfortunately, in the Philippines, one time consequences of the SATs are released to the pupils, there is no single reading of the consequences and some schools even mishandled the informations by flashing the tonss on immense tarpaulins as if the pupils had topped a board test. I have observed that educational and selling offices of most colleges and universities in the Philippines apportion financess to advance their plans and establishments. Senior high schools pupils attended calling seminars prepared by their school counsellors. Speakers are alumni/ae of their schools who normally speak of their college experiences, success, and adversities. Marketing forces, admittance officers are sent to every secondary schools to advance their plans. Students are bombarded with alive media presentations, colourful booklets, and a smattering of application signifiers, freebees are even given. Despite these enthusiastic attempts on the portion of these colleges and universities, high school pupils are impressed but still non good educated. Harmonizing to Salazar-Clemena ( 2002 ) career-related instruction jobs among Filipino striplings remains mostly unchanged since assorted calling related plans both in the educational and industrial establishments were implemented, jobs which are categorized as sociological ( unwise pick of class ) , psychological ( low dignity ) , and general ( deficiency of abilities and accomplishments ) . The job lies with excessively much commerce of the plan. This essay will non concentrate on the thought of positive and negative positions on educational entrepreneurship, but instead magnifying colleges and universities ‘ faulty debut of college instruction to pupils. San Diego ‘s survey mentioned that alternatively of lending to the calling indecisivenesss of the pupils, we should look into factors on how we should understand and assist our high school alumnuss clarify their ends and come up with a probationary personal calling program. In the said survey, he mentioned that we can assist a adolescent by placing certain cardinal factors that contributes to their experiences of calling determination devising. San Diego studied pupils enrolled in his personality effectiveness 2 categories. He distributed questionnaires to a group of Filipinos, Chinese-Filipinos, and Korean pupils. The questionnaire contain 30 inquiry and points that trades with grounds what made the respondents chose their class, the nature of their course/program, the stairss they took in make up one's minding what class to take, the influence of important others, and other factors that affects their experiences in determination devising. There were 10 Filipinos, 10 Chinese-Filipinos, and 10 Korean pupils returned questionnaires quickly. Each respondent was chosen based on their blood line and race, and age bracket, which is from 18 to 21 old ages old ; all respondents were full clip pupils in a university.What class to take?San Diego analyzed the subjects that emerged from the calling narrations of Asiatic striplings. The consequences showed that the primary ground why they enrolled in a course/program is fundamentally t heir sensed command of a certain accomplishments, their academic ego efficaciousness and professional function related involvements. A female Korean pupil enrolled in BS educational psychological science plan mentioned that â€Å" the class is more on research and guidance accomplishments † and that since childhood she has dispositions to assisting her friends and being fact-finding makes her like the research portion of the plan. A Filipino pupil enrolled in BS Electronics and Communications Engineering wrote in his paper that â€Å" basking mathematics and his involvement in electronics and doing both theory and application be integrated to plan a complex appliance † is truly a delectation for him. Germeijs and De Boeck ( 2003 ) suggested that pupils should hold adequate information about the options and results of their calling picks to forestall calling indecisivenesss.On parents ‘ adviceSan Diego identified that Asiatic striplings respected their parents as authorization figure and ever seek advice from household members about calling information. It shows the Asiatic collectivized influence even in taking what course/program to take in college. This behaviour is perceived as negative in Western states and could be a mark of dependence ( Mau, 2000 ) . A female Korean pupil enrolled in an instruction class acknowledges that parents influenced them what plan to take. It was besides how their parents show concern and to avoid experience of work troubles in the hereafter. In the Chinese-Filipino households an stripling should demo obeisance to cultivate close household ties. In state of affairs where the stripling needs to take what to inscribe, a Chinese-Filipina pupil mentioned that â€Å" I asked my parents and elder siblings for advice and I besides consider what calling chances my class could take me after collegeaˆÂ ¦ I am trusting to acquire a high place in our household concern † . In instances where an stripling does n on like the option given by their parents they ended with taking what they think is good for them. â€Å" My parents would hold wanted me to take a different courseaˆÂ ¦ . I deal with my parents ‘ outlooks by making good in category and demo them my high classs and seek non to neglect in any topic. My parents believed that I could non do it to that class that I have chosen but one manner or the other I will turn out them incorrect † by a Chinese-Filipino pupil taking legal direction and shortly wants to purse a jurisprudence grade. San Diego noted that among groups, Filipino pupils identified their parents as collaborative and giving them adequate freedom to take what class they want. Based on the narrations, Filipino parents are perceived as less important compared to Chinese-Filipino parents. A Filipino pupil taking Industrial Management Engineering is grateful â€Å" before. I was greatly open for my hereafter, I did n't cognize what the right class is for me, my male parent is a civil applied scientist, and he helped me in researching and garnering calling information and weighed my options†¦ † San Diego explained that parents are of import every bit good as critical factor in supplying support, and information to striplings in passage, such as in happening and taking career/program. Harmonizing to Schultheisset ( 2001 ) that positive parental behaviours promotes stripling ‘s positive attitude towards calling development. Parents who are promoting and assisting in the procedure of placing their stripling ‘s calling picks promote motive for calling readying ( Phillips, 2002 ) .Bing self-critical and why non?San Diego compared subjects emerged among three groups and identified those Chinese-Filipino respondents as more self-critical as compared to Filipino and Korean student-respondents. Although San Diego noted that across groups all have narrations of self-criticisms. This construct of self-criticism is linked with their ain subjective sense of readiness after college graduation and their willingness to be readily immersed in the work life. Kitayama, Markus, Matsumoto, and Norasakkunkit ( 1997 ) argued that Asians who critically evaluate themselves may hold positive societal and psychological effects and this could be rooted from the Asian collectivized civilization. While in the survey of Mau ( 2000 ) collectivized civilization may suppress the development of person ‘s sense of self-efficacy. San Diego looks into the narrations of Chinese-Filipino and fo und several self- unfavorable judgment subjects. Students who seem to hold low self-esteem tend to hold narrations of self-criticisms as good, that lead to self-loathing. A Chinese-Filipino pupil remarked that â€Å" The job is the impulse non to analyze and merely rotter, and do n't hold the feel to larn more than what is required of me † â€Å" I am non ready to take full duties and do determinations for myselfaˆÂ ¦ I still necessitate more clip † .Fantasy to specificsSan Diego noted subjects from the narrations such as calling phantasy turning into calling particulars. In fact, this subject explained the striplings ‘ pre-crystallization stage of calling development as pointed out by Super. Advertising major mentioned â€Å" My childhood dreams was influenced by the playthings that I played and from the films that I watched. I was amazed with pilots. As of now my calling dreams was influenced by my professor, Doc. Nards, who is a successful advertizer and worked with the top advertizers in our state † . Play activities and related involvements, and media ( Television, Radio, and Print ) are noted by San Diego as preliminary activities where teens may research their calling options. It is in the formal college instruction where striplings derive exposure and reflect on their future calling aspirations. It is apparent where most respondents made reference that a professor, a high school instructor, a professional, or even a parent influenced them to prosecute a more professional image. Lent, Brown, and Hackett ( 1996 ) clarified that striplings ‘ calling individuality is a procedure whereby an single learns from detecting behaviours from important function theoretical accounts, non merely that, because Super ( 1980 ) gave importance to the societal procedures involved in calling development.The manner to successIn the survey, San Diego noted how respondents gave intending to career success. Each group of adolescents provid ed their ain positions of what it means to derive calling success. San Diego carefully analyzed success significance among respondents. It was noted that success was instilled by their parents as an accomplishment from difficult work and doggedness and giving importance to calling. It was apparent by how respondents identified their success intending units: â€Å" A successful individual has an undeniable work moralss and unquestionable occupation enthusiasm † â€Å" I admire a successful individual ‘s positive head the most. I think it is traveling to be helpful both in my calling and my personal life because it eases the manner I see the universe † â€Å" They are really good in catching opportunities, being non afraid that they might neglect † . Success as noted by San Diego was injected from external factors but is assimilated by Asiatic striplings while working with their calling ends. Mau ( 2000 ) explained that Asiatic pupils may impute success to t heir best attempts as compared to American pupils who gives overemphasis to their endowments and accomplishments.Valuess instilledSan Diego besides looked into how the collectivized civilization may impact their rules at work. Since the respondents are all at the in-between stage of their surveies prior to graduation, an point was used to place what specific work values and factors might actuate them in the hereafter. Comparing subjects across groups, San Diego noted that Chinese-Filipino respondents give much accent to occupation position, fiscal additions, and household issues. A Chinese-Filipina wrote in her paper â€Å" I think that my household merely believes that whatever calling or class we choose it must take to high fiscal compensation and a calling where we wo n't merely go employees but employers † . Filipino respondents on the other manus differs to some extent because it was noted that respondents would value work environment, occupation stableness, developing p assion, unity at work, and smooth interpersonal relationships. A Filipino pupil taking accounting mentioned that â€Å" I value most is self-fulfillment I would acquire in come ining that calling. For me, self-realization is the most indispensable thing a individual can hold. Money is non that important, but more of workplace, colleagues, and your unity at work † . Korean respondents value work accomplishment, high success rate, and household as primary focal point in the hereafter. The consequence gained by San Diego in Chinese-Filipino respondents was similar to what Leong ( 1991 ) mentioned that Asiatic American pupils placed greater accent on external factors such as fiscal additions, occupation position, prestigiousness and occupation security values than their Caucasic opposite numbers. Overall, the survey of San Diego shed visible radiation into some factors to see in helping Asiatic striplings ‘ calling determination devising. Several cardinal stakeholders may work efficaciously to reply the calling demands of graduating high school pupils. For illustration, admittance office and calling reding office of an educational establishment may originate plans to break pass on their class plans giving accent to what class plan can offer. It means lucubrating on accomplishments, end products, information and cognition that can be acquired and what one needs to be proficient of. In add-on to this, a college or university should assist parents by giving them a calling information session about what their striplings are taking up, the primary occupations they most likely to take after graduation, and the capableness of the plan to be used in a assortment of scenes. Likewise, Salazar-Clemena ( 1997 ) suggested an alternate theoretical account of calling reding based on h ousehold values and perceptual experiences ( false thoughts and outlooks about economic sciences position, and calling determination doing ) therefore taking to household calling guidance. There is ever a tendency that if a college pupil bead, or switch to another class they will pick a class which do non suits to their abilities, involvements, demands, outlooks, and efficaciousness. Others wait till they graduate and pursue a different profession of their pick. A university calling reding plan may desire to escalate their educational calling intercessions non merely by giving pupils Job Expo but by really managing instances of pupil ‘s calling indecisivenesss from the really start pupil applies in the admittances office. Deal with root jobs ( e.g. self unfavorable judgment, low academic ego efficaciousness, low ego regard, parent desiring another class for the pupil, acculturational emphasis ) instead than superficial factors of calling indecisivenesss in every shifting instance. On a personal degree, calling counsellors may concentrate their attending on calling resiliency every bit early as possible. Waterman, Waterman and Collard ( 1996 ) described career resiliency as an person ‘s ability to place personal strengths and failings, the capableness to be value-driven, demo enthusiasm for farther acquisition, going future-oriented, ability to acquire good with others every bit good as going flexible. This can be done through a duologue between counsellors and educational decision makers to inculcate calling planning and development across topics taken. Different grounds might emerge why adolescent possibly may non be able to accomplish their calling ends. In assorted career-related studies, a job was pointed out by Salazar-Clemena ( 2002 ) that due to poorness and deficiency of fiscal agencies, parents opted to direct their striplings to low-quality colleges and universities and finished early so that they can assist in household disbursals and in assisting their siblings to complete schooling. In San Diego ‘s survey, International pupils such as Koreans, Indonesians, Taiwanese and Chinese pupils was sent to nearby Asiatic states such as the Philippines due to economic crises. Parents of international pupils choose to avail of cheaper instruction regardless of distance, civilization and emphasis. In this respect, this should non be used as come-ons among shady educational establishments to advance their plans. In world a batch of these fast ones are pretentious and most are merely assuring a good hereafter for student-applica nts. A responsible educational establishment should and must be honorable and will non do concern out of instruction. Their chief duty is to go cardinal facilitators to prospective pupils towards the fulfilment of their personal and professional ends and in the future allow them harvest their dreams as it become their most cherish world.

Agriculture and Tractor

The tractor industry reported a strong 28. 3% growth in sales volumes during 2009-10, thereby ending the phase of cyclical correction that had pulled down tractor sales during the preceding two years (200709). Significantly, the revival of 2009-10 happened despite the droughtlike conditions in many States during the kharif1 season dampening sentiments.The key factor enabling the demand growth of 2009-10 was strong rural liquidity, which in turn was sustained by several factors, including: higher minimum support price (MSP) for crops; greater ability of farmers to make cash purchases (including the usage of Kisan Credit Card which are increasingly being used to part-finance tractor purchases); enhanced employment opportunities (with rural employment schemes being implemented by the Government of India); an improved credit environment; and continuance of replacement demand.These factors apart, non-agricultural use of tractors (for haulage in construction and infrastructure projects) co ntinued to increase, benefiting tractor demand. Also, with infrastructure projects and rural employment schemes increasing employment opportunities, availability of labour for agricultural activities continued to decline, persuading even farmers with medium-sized land holdings to either rent or purchase tractors. On a regional basis, the performance of the eastern, northern and western parts of the country was robust during 2009-10 in terms of tractor demand, while that of the southern region was moderate.A strong growth in tractor volumes, albeit on a low base, was witnessed in the eastern States, including Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand, which had a good paddy crop. Tractor volumes in the northern and western regions also reported strong growth during 2009-10, especially in the second half (H2) of the year, benefiting from a low base (H2, 2008-09) and a satisfactory kharif crop in some States. The southern region reported moderate performance in terms of tractor demand (growth of 11. 9% in 2009-10), being impacted largely by the de-growth in Andhra Pradesh (AP)—a key southern market—where rainfall was irregular in 2009-10.However, in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, higher MSPs for rice along with some revival of interest of public sector banks (PSBs) in tractor financing led to strong tractor sales volumes. Historically, tractor demand has been fairly volatile, being influenced by cyclical trends, availability of finance, and crop patterns (monsoon). After four years of strong growth during 2003-07, the fiscal years 200708 and 2008-09 both reported a marginal decline in tractor sales volumes, largely reflecting cyclical corrections.In addition to the cyclical dips, during H2, 2008-09, the industry also had to cope with the 1 Kharif season in India is during the south-west monsoon (June-October) ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry: An ICRA Perspective liquidity crunch, which pushed up interest rates, even as financiers resorted to more stringent lending norms in the face of rising non-performing assets (NPAs). However, the situation improved during 200910 as credit availability improved on the strength of greater liquidity in the banking system.While tractor financing has traditionally been done by PSBs, of late, private banks and non-banking finance companies (NBFCs), despite their higher interest rates vis-a-vis the PSBs, have been able to increase their penetration of this market on the strength of faster loan processing and use of more liberal credit norms. Overall, with tractor demand being closely linked to agricultural output, growth in farm mechanisation and farmers’ remuneration, the long-term demand drivers for the industry remain robust.The currently low levels of tractor penetration in India, strong Governmental focus on availability of finance for agriculture mechanization tools and on rural development, increase in the use of tractors for nonagricultural purposes, and the growing emphasis on tractor exports au gur well for the industry. Background Chart 1: Annual Trends in Tractor Sales Volumes Chart 2: Monthly Trends in Tractor Sales Volumes Source: Industry, ICRA’s estimates Source: Industry, ICRA’s estimates The tractor industry reported a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% in volume terms during the period 2003-07.The long up-cycle in demand was supported by several factors, including excise duty exemptions on tractors (2004-05), thrust on rural development, improved availability of finances for tractor purchase, and low interest rates. The growth also came on a low base, with the preceding three fiscal years (2000-03) having witnessed a prolonged phase of volume correction. The cyclical correction during 2000-03 had been aggravated by the build-up of channel inventory with the major players having pushed aggressively for larger sales.In contrast to this phase of cyclical slowdown, the one that happened during 2007-09 was less severe, with volumes declining by around 3%, despite the intermittent tightening of the liquidity situation during H2, 2008-09. The demand slowdown during H2, 2008-09 also impacted the profitability of the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), that is, the tractor manufacturers, because of the high price inventory they were carrying. However, the situation improved on the cost structure front in H1 2009-10 with the softening of commodity prices preparing the ground for the industry to earn higher profitability margins.The pickup in volumes also lowered the overhead expenses for the tractor manufacturers, boosting their profitability. While the OEMs did not lower the listed sales price of tractors, the benefit of lower steel prices was passed on to the end customers via discounts. This is an accepted practice in the industry; given that once prices are lowered it is difficult to raise them subsequently. However, during H2 2009-10, the tractor majors increased the prices with the reversal of commodity prices an d the discounts have also come down. ICRA Rating Services Page 2 ICRA Rating FeatureChart 3: Trends in Profitability Margins of Select Players Tractor Industry: An ICRA Perspective Source: Company releases, ICRA’s estimates; refers to Profit before Interest and Tax (PBIT) and volume in the tractor segment Capacity utilisation in the tractor industry had hit a low during 2002-03, following large capacity additions and a volume slump. After that, capacity utilisation improved steadily, but remained moderate at around 50% during 2008-09. In 2009-10, the tractor volume growth has helped the OEMs improve their capacity utilizations; however, there is still excess capacity in the industry.Thus, over the medium term, most tractor manufacturers would not need to make any significant capital investments in building capacities. As discussed, the domestic tractor industry has to cope with demand volatility on account of cyclical trends and the strong linkages it has with agricultural pr oduction and monsoon rains. Many of the industry players have thus diversified into related products, including generator engines and cranes, besides focusing more on exports, to gain some insulation against the volatility in domestic tractor demand.As for tractor exports, while a major part of that currently goes to USA, the OEMs are now exploring various other markets across Europe, Asia and Africa for future exports. Industry Trends by Region The biggest markets for the tractor industry include States like Uttar Pradesh (UP), Andhra Pradesh (AP), Madhya Pradesh (MP), Rajasthan, and Maharashtra, which together accounted for around 50% of the total tractor sales in India during 2009-10. The tractor industry witnessed a strong y-o-y growth of 28. 3% during 2009-10, with most of the States reporting positive growth during the year.Chart 4: Trend in Tractor Sales across regions Chart 5: Trend in Tractor sales across States Source: Industry, ICRA’s estimates Source: Industry, IC RA’s estimates The northern region remains the largest tractor market in India with sales of around 1,67,000 units as of 2009-10. This region reported a growth rate of 35. 7% in volume sales in 2009-10 over the previous fiscal, with the key contributors including UP, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The northern region benefited from higher MSPs (for crops), limited availability of labour (forcing higher mechanisation), and increasing non-agricultural use of tractors.Additionally, increased infrastructure development activities (especially highways) led to appreciation in land values and use of tractors for non-agricultural purposes. In some cases, farmers also received compensation for the Government’s acquisition of select land patches (adjoining highways), which increased the availability of cash with them. Feedback from industry players ICRA Rating Services Page 3 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry: An ICRA Perspective suggests cash purchases (including purchases u sing Kisan Credit Card) in some northern States increased to 35-40% of the total tractor volumes in 2009-10 from 10-15% in the past.Tractor volumes in UP grew by 42. 7% during 2009-10, with H2, 2009-10 reporting particularly strong growth (around 51% y-o-y) mainly on the back of high sugarcane prices for the kharif crop and improved irrigation facilities. In the case of Punjab, tractor volumes remained strong for the fifth straight year in 2009-10 (y-o-y growth of 42%). In Rajasthan however, growth in tractor volumes was relatively subdued in 2009-10 (around 24% y-o-y) as compared with the figure for the northern region as a whole.Tractor sales in Rajasthan were especially low in H2, 2009-10 versus H1, 2009-10, due to lower kharif output on account of deficient rains and inadequate financing availability. In the eastern region, tractor volumes continued to report strong growth in 2009-10, albeit on a small base, and went up by 53. 8% over 2008-09, being driven mainly by the higher M SPs announced for paddy. Within the region however, many financiers remained reluctant to finance tractor purchases in some States like Bihar. Nevertheless, in Bihar, tractor volumes grew 66% over 2008-09 to around 29,000 units in 2009-10, thereby accounting for over 50% of the totalsales in the eastern region. The Bihar market, where tractor penetration had been low historically, has shown sustained growth over the last few years and become one of the important markets for the tractor industry. Overall, in the eastern region, growth in tractor volumes is expected to moderate, going forward, as the benefit of a low base get diluted gradually. The western region reported sales of around 92,000 tractor units during 2009-10—a growth rate of 35. 7% over the previous fiscal—benefiting particularly from the strong performance that Maharashtra, Gujarat and MP posted during H2, 2009-10 (55% y-o-y growth over H2, 2008-09).The factors contributing to the strong growth in the reg ion during H2, 2009-10 included a benign base effect, higher crop prices (of sugarcane and cotton in Maharashtra, and of cereals and soyabean in MP), and greater availability of retail finance. The performance of the southern region in terms of tractor sales was relatively modest during 2009-10, with the growth rate being around 11. 9% over the previous fiscal. While most States in the region reported healthy growth, AP, which is the largest tractor market in the south, de-grew by 10. 4% in 200910.The AP market has been undergoing a volume correction since 2007-08, with the preceding four to five years having witnessed a large and sustained volume growth; this factor apart, the de-growth of 2009-10 was also aided by irregular monsoons. The other big market in the southern region, Karnataka, reported growth of 74% in tractor volumes in 2009-10 mainly on the strength of higher MSPs for rice; however, volume growth is expected to moderate in 2010-11 because of the base effect. In Tamil Nadu, tractor sales were flat during H1, 2009-10, but the performance improved in H2, 2009-10 mainly because of improved retail financing by the PSBs.Industry Trends by Tractor Horse Power (HP) The Indian tractor market has traditionally been a medium HP market, with 31-40 HP tractors accounting for around 47% of the total industry volumes. In 2008-09, the 31-40 HP category had reported sales of 157,602 tractor units, which was about the same as the previous year’s figure but lower than the 2006-07 statistic by 7%. In 2009-10 however, this category reported a strong revival, with the volume growing by 22%2 over 2008-09; the revival was led by UP, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. The other major segment in theIndian tractor market is the 41-50 HP range, which accounts for around 23% of the total industry volumes. This segment grew by around 10% during 2009-10, thereby underperforming the growth in overall tractor volumes (around 19%) that year. The main reason for this underperf ormance was the low growth that the southern region, the biggest market for this segment, reported in 2009-10. 2 The HP wise y-o-y growth rates are based on 9M 2009-10 tractor volumes. Page 4 ICRA Rating Services ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry: An ICRA PerspectiveThe >51 HP segment of the Indian tractor market also underperformed the industry growth rate in 200910 mainly because of the de-growth in the exports which is a key demand area for these high HP tractors. Some Long-Term Demand Drivers for the Industry Low penetration of tractors in Indian agriculture: Indian agriculture is characterised by low farm mechanisation, fragmented land holdings, and high dependence on monsoon rains (in the absence of adequate irrigation facilities). Tractor penetration in India is low at around 13 tractors per 1,000 hectares as against the global average of 19 and the US average of 29.While this does indicate the relative backwardness of Indian agriculture, it also points to the significant scope that exists for raising tractor penetration, which bodes well for tractor demand over the long term. Government support for the agricultural sector: Although agriculture contributes just around 20% to India’s GDP, it provides employment to a large rural population, which is why the sector remains a strong focus area for the Government. The tractor industry benefits significantly from the Governmental focus on agriculture, with measures such as nil excise duty ontractors (even the excise duty on tractor parts has been lowered from 16% to 8%) and inclusion of tractor financing under priority sector lending (by PSBs) serving as long-term demand drivers. Financing of tractor purchase is of great significance for the industry, it being a key demand facilitator. Export of tractors: Indian tractor manufacturers have been increasingly targeting the international markets over the last few years. The industry exported a total of around 37,900 tractors during 2009-10, with the USA , Africa, South America, and some Asian countries being the top destinations.The industry leader, Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M), has acquired Yancheng Tractors, the fourth largest tractor manufacturer in China (in terms of FY2008 volumes), to improve its presence in the country. In the developed markets, Indian tractors have a relatively marginal presence, with sales being largely restricted to the hobby farming segment. Outlook Tractor sales are expected to remain healthy in fiscal 2010-11, given the good rabi crop this time around, the continuing firmness in the prices of agricultural products, and the healthy monsoons anticipated during the coming kharif season.Moreover, improving farm mechanisation levels (with labour availability in rural areas declining), increasing non-agricultural use of tractors, higher credit disbursements for agriculture, and sharper Governmental focus on the farm sector (larger budgetary allocations) are also expected to encourage tractor sales. The indust ry’s profitability is however expected to remain moderate in the medium term, considering the high competitive intensity and low capacity utilisation levels, although larger players could benefit from scale economics.As for margins, while they have seen an improvement in 2009-10, they would remain vulnerable to adverse changes in commodity prices. While some States in the northern region have achieved high levels of tractor penetration and farm mechanisation, on an all-India basis, the penetration remains low, which along with the current shortage of farm labour and consequently rising labour costs, may be expected to lead to greater mechanisation and use of tractors.The long-term prospects for the Indian tractor industry hinge on agricultural growth and Government support in areas such as financing availability, tax exemptions, and fiscal stimulus for rural development. Overall, ICRA expects the long-term growth rate for the Indian tractor industry to trend around the histor ical average of 6-8%, supported by increasing tractor penetration. ICRA Rating Services Page 5 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry: An ICRA Perspective Annexure I: Structure of the Indian Tractor IndustryThe Indian tractor industry has around 13 national players and a few regional players. The industry is dominated by Mahindra and Mahindra (M&M) with a market share of around 41. 1%, followed by Tractors and Farm Equipments TAFE, which holds around 22% of the market. The other major players include Escorts (12. 1%), L&T-John Deere (7. 8%), and International Tractors Limited (8. 9%). During the last few years, the industry has seen some consolidation with M&M acquiring Punjab Tractors (PTL) and TAFE acquiring Eicher Tractors.Most of the tractors sold in India are in the 21-50 HP range, with the 31-40 HP category alone accounting for around 50% of this. The long-term prospects of the Indian tractor industry are highly dependent on Government policies for the agriculture sector. Histor ically, most tractor sales are done on credit even as over the last few years financial institutions, facing an increase in their non-performing assets (NPAs), have resorted to some tightening of credit norms. Also, during 2009-10, there has been a sharp increase in cash purchases, reflecting the rise in disposable incomes in the rural markets.Most of the tractor financing done by banks comes under priority sector lending, a directed-lending mechanism of the Government of India. In terms of volume, India is one of the largest tractor markets in the world, besides China and the USA. The prospects of the domestic industry are highly linked to monsoon rains, which remain a key factor in determining agricultural production. Better irrigated States like Punjab and Haryana have a high tractor density (over 100 per 1,000 hectares), while States like Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra, MP and WestBengal have low levels of tractor penetration—a pointer to th e substantial growth potential that the latter set offers. On an all-India basis, tractor penetration remains low at around 13 per 1,000 hectares. Besides being used in farming, tractors find application in activities such as harvesting and irrigation, land reclamation, drawing water and powering agricultural implements. In addition, lately, the tractors are also being used for non-agricultural purposes including haulage in construction and infrastructure projects which has expanded the tractor market.The Indian tractor market, thus, is expected to grow in future and remain one of the biggest tractor markets in the world. Chart 6: Trend in State wise market share Source: Industry, ICRA’s estimates Annexure 2: Region-wise Market Shares of Various Players The market shares of the top four players in the Indian tractor industry did not change much during 200910 in comparison with 2008-09. M&M remained the market leader with around 41. 1% market share, followed by TAFE with a mar ket share of around 22%, Escorts with around 12. 1%, and International Tractors (ITL) with around 8. 9%.ICRA Rating Services Page 6 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry: An ICRA Perspective Chart 7: Movement in Regional Market Shares of Select Players 2009-10 vs. 2008-09 (bps) Source: Industry, ICRA’s estimates M&M remains particularly strong in the southern region (50. 4% market share during 2009-10). However, L&T John Deere (LT-JD) was able to increase its market share in the region by around 250 bps in 2009-10, mainly at the expense of M&M (market share down by 140 bps) and Escorts (down by 140 bps).In the western region too, LT-JD performed well in 2009-10, increasing its market share by 190 bps, even as TAFE lost market share by around 90 bps there. In the northern region, where M&M has been traditionally weak, the company increased its market share by 140 bps during 2009-10, even as ITL and Escorts lost market shares by around 90 bps and 60 bps respectively, there. In t he eastern region, M&M was able to raise its market share by around 140 bps in 2009-10 at the expense of Escorts and TAFE.ICRA Rating Services Page 7 ICRA Rating Feature Tractor Industry: An ICRA Perspective ICRA Limited An Associate of Moody's Investors Service CORPORATE OFFICE Building No. 8, 2nd Floor, Tower A; DLF Cyber City, Phase II; Gurgaon 122 002 Tel: +91 124 4545300; Fax: +91 124 4545350 Email: [email  protected] com, Website: www. icra. in REGISTERED OFFICE 1105, Kailash Building, 11th Floor; 26 Kasturba Gandhi Marg; New Delhi 110001 Tel: +91 11 23357940-50; Fax: +91 11 23357014Branches: Mumbai: Tel. : + (91 22) 24331046/53/62/74/86/87, Fax: + (91 22) 2433 1390 Chennai: Tel + (91 44) 2434 0043/9659/8080, 2433 0724/ 3293/3294, Fax + (91 44) 2434 3663 Kolkata: Tel + (91 33) 2287 8839 /2287 6617/ 2283 1411/ 2280 0008, Fax + (91 33) 2287 0728 Bangalore: Tel + (91 80) 2559 7401/4049 Fax + (91 80) 559 4065 Ahmedabad: Tel + (91 79) 2658 4924/5049/2008, Fax + (91 79) 2658 4924 Hyderabad: Tel +(91 40) 2373 5061/7251, Fax + (91 40) 2373 5152 Pune: Tel + (91 20) 2552 0194/95/96, Fax + (91 20) 553 9231  © Copyright, 2010 ICRA Limited. 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