Managing Diversity in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Managing Diversity in South Africa Essay Introduction In the workplace, diversity in terms of ethnicity, locality, education and skills, age, and gender exist. Managers or employers therefore require innovative ideas to successfully manage employees in the workplace. Diversity management is a relatively new field in the South African business environment. Managing employees and the work environment involves different aspects and is influenced by the internal environment such as in the mission, vision and goals of the organisation as well as the external environment. These aspects include areas where diversity management is important. Managers have various roles to carry out in an organisation in order to provide effective management and deal with the ethical issues. Factors such as changing structures and polices, providing diversity skills training, creating cross functional teams and employee network groups, building relationships, and providing complete managerial support are all factors that contribute towards effective diversity management. A successful diversity management approach must be more accommodating and more capable of promoting the diversity within an organization to bring everyone together and generate effective participation. This means that employees should be regarded as an organized whole that brings meaningful contributions from their social, political, economic, and geographical experiences. 2. Diversity Diversity can be defined as all the ways people differ, that is the different influences to approaching the workplace, communication between employees, satisfaction achieved from performance and identification in the workplace (Daft, Kendrick, amp; Vershinina, 2010). It is a commitment to distinguishing and appreciating the range of characteristics that make individuals unique in an atmosphere that supports and celebrates individual and collective achievement (Tennessee, 2003). Diversity â€Å"represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people (Kreitner, 2001). According to Erasmus, diversity applies to all employees and does not only encompass certain differences but rather the entire spectrum of individual differences that make people unique. Therefore diversity cannot be viewed as only racial or religious differentiation but s all differences combined. The notion of diversity describes differences among people as well as similarities. The discipline of managing diversity requires that these two aspects are managed simultaneously. He further suggests that managers are expected to integrate the collective mixture of similarities and differences between workers into the organisation (Erasmus, 2007). Diver sity is more than being politically correct; it is about nurturing a culture that values individuals and their wide assortment of needs and contributions Diversity management is a moderately new field in the South African business environment. Diversity management is ensuring that the necessary factors are in place to provide for and to encourage the continuous development of diversity in the workplace, by incorporating actual and perceived differences to achieve the utmost efficiency (Bandyopadhyay, Hazra, amp; Goswami, 2007). Diversity management can also be defined as the commitment on the part of the organisations to recruit, retain, reward and promote a heterogeneous mix of productive, motivated and committed workers, including people of colour, whites, females and the disabled (Inancevich amp; Gilbert, 2000). The two areas where diversity management are particularly important include: * Workplace diversity. * Global diversity. Workplace diversity refers to the array of distinctions between people in an organisation. Some of the benefits of implementing workplace diversity are; increased adaptability which supplies a variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of resources, various opinions which include ideas and experiences, and effectiveness in terms of employee performance to attain goals (Greenberg, 2005). Furthermore, enhanced use of employee capacity is encouraged. This involves competitive advantage over other organisations along with prospects and development of employees for retention purposes. Diversity initiatives retain a competitive advantage by improving employee confidence, decreasing interpersonal conflict, facilitating development in new markets and increasing creativity. It also includes the understanding of the marketplace in terms of the changing needs of consumers. Building workplace diversity will also result in the improved extent of understanding in leadership positions that encompasses a variety of skills. Better quality of team problem solving to bring in different perspectives resulting in creativity of ideas and solutions and lastly reduction of costs induce lower turnover, absenteeism and lawsuits (Daft, Kendrick, amp; Vershinina, 2010). Global diversity is more than just demographical factors (such as age, race, gender, ethnicity, disability and sexual orientation), it is about thinking, leadership, skills and style which integrates peoples differences to achieve all the goals planned and is acceptable universally, that is by breaking though barriers through globalisation (Dell, 2011). Globalisation refers to standardisation of products plan and marketing strategy throughout the world by assuming a homogeneous global market of consumers and industrial products (Daft, Kendrick, amp; Vershinina, 2010). A benefit of global diversity is broader services through customer satisfaction and product availability. By managing diversity, managers access a range of skills which the organisation has never had before and thus a broader array of individual strengths, experiences and perspectives. There is also a wider legitimacy and organisational image across a wider audience. Managers however should realise that managing diversity is fairly tough and cannot be implemented immediately. It is instead a long-term strategy in order to correct the imbalances in the workplace. 3. Mission, Vision and Goals A mission is defined as the organisations’ reason for existence. A mission statement is a broadly stated definition of the purpose of the company. Well designed mission statements can enhance employee motivation and organisational performance.

Transnational Race and the Black Movement Essay -- Race History

The United States and Latin America have seen their fair shares of inequality and hardships when it comes to those of the minority status. Minorities have successfully fought back in the timeless battle to achieve equality, rather it be with those of their own race, or from different ethnic backgrounds. When groups are able to coexist, their ideologies are expressed to one another and at times are able to influence different groups on their attitudes toward different subjects. Now that immigration has astronomically increased to the United States, the idea of this country as a â€Å"melting pot† has never been more correct. Being that more individuals are turning to the United States for permanent residence, race has obtained multiple definitions over the course of history, resulting from the ever-changing racial makeup of the United States and Latin America. The black movement has also contributed to the change in racial identification from the early 20th century up until to day, resulting in transnational ideologies of race. These two changes have culminated into the current culture that is taking over America, and making it into a more diversified nation. As the election of President Barack Obama proved to America and others around the world that this country was moving past race, the importance of transnational ideologies and race in America have led to a society that does not turn to race first, but instead looks at the beliefs and attitudes of those around it. When looking around the world at different races, it is easy to compare some of the sentiment toward these races to the very same attitudes American citizens have against them in the United States. Mark Anderson discusses how certain stereotypes about blacks have diffuse... ...rican American president, how far will we go in ensuring that race is a thing of the past? Works Cited Anderson, Mark. "Bad Boys and Peaceful Garifuna." In Neither Enemies nor Friends, by Anani Dzidzienyo and Oboler Suzanne, 101-115. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2005. DeScipio, Louis. "Transnational politics and civic engagement : do home-country political ties limit Latino immigrant pursuit of US civic engagement and citizenship?" In Transforming politics, transforming America : the political and civic incorporation of immigrants in the United States, by S. Karthick Ramakrishnan, and Ricardo Ramà ­rez Taeku Lee, n/a. Charlottesville: UVA Press, 2006. Lewis, Hope. "Transnational Dimensions of Race in America." Albany Law Review, 2009: 999-1028. Sawyer, Mark Q. Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba. New York City: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

The Method of Teaching Conroy’s Used

The â€Å"Water is Wide† takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroy†s goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the children†s lives. Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberry†s. The Skimberry†s were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida. When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could â€Å"trick or treat.† None of the kids even knew what â€Å"trick or treating† was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go. Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year. Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world. I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so roughly. This was the best book I have read in a long time. The one part I did not really like was how it did not really tell when the story took place. I also did not like all the description. I think people of all ages should read this book. The Method of Teaching Conroy’s Used The â€Å"Water is Wide† takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroy†s goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the children†s lives. Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberry†s. The Skimberry†s were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida. When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could â€Å"trick or treat.† None of the kids even knew what â€Å"trick or treating† was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go. Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year. Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world. I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so roughly. This was the best book I have read in a long time. The one part I did not really like was how it did not really tell when the story took place. I also did not like all the description. I think people of all ages should read this book.

Life’s Path Is A Maze Essay

As a writer, I feel I am going through a maze. In the beginning I realized there is more than one path to take, either it can lead me toward success or it can lead to a dead end. In my mind I know it can be easy at times, but other times when I come to a stopping point I overthink things. I feel like my choices need to be made right away. I think of it as temptations being called from every direction. One way will lead me to the finish line and the other path will only take me back to where I had started. When I’m given a writing assignment I feel the pressures is on. I’m ready to step up and face the biggest challenge I have in English class which is essays. As I was told, it is okay to write my first draft essay badly to make it easier, but as we get further along everything seems to be going faster. â€Å"When we are finished with the essay the pressure on my decisions are finally over.† I am relieved and confident in my first draft. Hopefully this will lead m e to the key to life in English. A Radiology Technologist performs imaging of the human body for diagnosis or treating medical problems. My dream is to become a Radiology Technologist and day after day it had transformed me into an ambition which I wanted to move towards. A Radiology Technologist requires you to gain four top skills throughout your learning experience; Communication, Physical, Clinical, and Education. First, I will keep working hard at Seward so I’m able to get the appropriate basic skills for me to get into the Radiology program in Weatherford. I will acquire a variety of classes that will challenge me to write many different papers. In order for me to become successful in my career I will focus on becoming a better writer. Writing will be a huge part of my career because I will need to interview patients to learn about their medical history, write reports for referring doctors, and also communicate Therapeutic and Diagnostic position. Although this will be a challenge, I will try my best to achieve this goal. My goals for school are ridiculously challenging. I want to be able to  understand critically and accurately, which means I have to develop my own reasoning and stand up for what I believe in. My second goal is to learn to write clearly and precisely. I am determined to be able to expand my vocabulary so that I can paint a strong mental picture in someone’s mind when I’m explaining something. My third goal is to be exposed to ideas outside of my own background. I need to be able to get out of my comfort zone, I’m a shy person when it comes to doing activities that I’m not familiar with. This goal will give me the opportunity to use personal and professional skills which I will gain as I get further along in my studies. My last goal is to learn how to interact reasonably and responsibly with others. Interacting with others provide great working relationships, and successful communication. This goal helps build strong character with others as a Radiology T echnologist. â€Å"When life hands you lemons, have someone else make you some lemonade.† This is a quote I found on the internet that I’ve followed through life which has helped me now and will also allow me to face many challenges in the future. In my eyes it means when something negative happens try to make the best of it and when something positive happens you make it sweet. When I hear someone say smart goals I think of Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely. My English teacher from sophomore and senior year taught me this. It means, my specific goal would be to become a Radiology Technologist. I would then ask myself how much time will this take. How will I know when my goal is accomplished? When I look at these questions it helps me realize how important my goal. I also have to think about how my goal is realistic? In my opinion yes, because it isn’t impossible to go into the medical field. You have to be willing to put others before yourself. The last part I think about is how much time this will take. I want to be able to transfer to a four year university in order for me to get the right training for my career. Dreams are the most amazing thing people can strive for. We all love to dream, to hope, and to see ourselves get better each day. Every one of us dreams of being something big in life whether it’s becoming a lawyer, doctor, or maybe a police officer. In order to pursue my dreams I have to become a stronger writer. Which means I have to complete my studies and work hard to achieve many more goals in life. If I put my best abilities forward I can accomplish my goals in the best way possible. There’s no doubt that there will be times when I feel  like giving up, but I know I can’t give up on myself and my family. I have to learn to just stand up and try even if I have to try for a thousand times. when I finally reach my goals I’ll feel happy from deep inside my heart because then I’ll l be doing exactly what I love to do and I’ll be testing my wildest dreams . I believe nothing can be compared to this moment because when you set your dreams in front of your eyes and work for them, there will be no d oubt in my mind that I will achieve them someday. I will also be able to say I’m proud of myself because I proved that there’s nothing impossible when I actually was determined to do.

Fraternities and Sororities and Fraternity Essay Essay Example

Fraternities and Sororities and Fraternity Essay Essay Example Fraternities and Sororities and Fraternity Essay Essay Fraternities and Sororities and Fraternity Essay Essay When we hear the word â€Å"frat† it comes to our head that it’s a group of people that making something in possible and bad influence for the pupils like us. All the things around that may destruct our surveies. And we are all familiar to this because it is widely known for different name of groups of people who are organized it. And we are besides cognizant to the consequence of it due to the intelligence about what happened to the member of this group that is being abused. And some are died because they can non last to what they are making. And this is normally happen in different schools that have a large population of pupil merely like universities. Because the frat members can non easy notice if they were involve. due to many pupils in that topographic point. Not merely like in the school which has fewer Numberss of pupils is really noticeable when there is a fraternity. The word fraternity came from the Latin word â€Å"frater† which means â€Å"brotherâ €  otherwise is a brotherhood. though the term sometimes connotes a distinguishable or formal organisation and a secret society. A fraternity is a male-only association with members who are linked by common involvements of some signifier or another. . : Peoples who wish to fall in typically take part in activities which take topographic point over the class of a hebdomad at the start of a semester. Since most colleges with a fraternity system have multiple fraternities. these events normally take topographic point during the same hebdomad at all fraternities. leting people to research all their options. This period is known as â€Å"rush week† . After first-come-first-serve hebdomad. current members of the fraternity decide which members should be voted in. Traditionally. new pledges participate in an induction ceremonial which has historically been accompanied by hazing challenges. Due to concerns about the hazards of hazing challenges which involve unsafe activities and imbibing. many colleges have explicitly banned hazing in the involvement of pupil safety. Some colleges have besides cracked down on fraternity parties in response to ailments from other pupils and the environing community. Membership in a fraternity can confabulate many advantages. It is non uncommon for fraternities to keep living quarters and private nines which are merely unfastened to their members. Particular scholarships may be available. and fraternity rank can be used for networking which will be valuable subsequently in life. Many people besides enjoy the brotherhood which comes with fraternity rank. From Internet ( researches ) The old apprehension was that it was typical for a fraternity to be all-men group while sorority was all-women group. However. there is such thing as a sister sorority or a brother fraternity. While in theory they are separate organisations. but in pattern they are one. They believe in the same rules. They pattern the same tradition and they have the same mission. vision and methods of work. As such. there is a good ground to unite the fraternity and sorority to unite the organisations. However. long clip ago. there were already fraternities who accepted female members who were extremely qualified to the criterions of the fraternity. This happened in I?AE at Central Mindanao University. Musuan Bukidon. Philippines in 1966. This resulted to a mixed-sex organisation. Then in the ulterior old ages. there were unifying of the brother-sister organisations. But in some instances. the sorority is absorbed by the fraternity instead than merged. therefore retaining the name of the latter. The re are patterns in the fraternity/sororities that merely the members are privileged of take parting and/or basking them. These patterns are traditions that the organisations are keeping which are by and large symbolic in nature but are closely guarded with exclusivity. In add-on to the naming of brod or sis. there are the watchwords. vocals. special/exclusive handshakings. tattoos. slogan. usage of badge or pin. frat spine. or even a frat whistling. colourss. flag. flowers. or seal. It has a slogan to show the ideals of the fraternity or sorority. They are really important to the organisation. They remind them of their pledge of commitment to the brethren. Some Greek-letter organisations have acquired juridical personality to conform to local legal law. This had widened the positions of the organisations to prosecute and/or participate in some public enterprises necessitating licenses and/or licences. For illustration. Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity â€Å"Philippines† is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Registration No. CN200429554. In a simple linguistic communication one joins a fraternity/sorority because he/she believes it is good for him/her. and he/she likes to be one of its members. Virtually. common sense will state us that we would merely voluntarily fall in an organisation if it is good to us. And if we do non like the members of that organisation we would non besides voluntarily fall in. more so if new entrants would endure in the procedure of fall ining like induction and hazing. The North-American Inter fraternity Council ( NAIFC ) as posted in the cyberspace suggested to see some of the ways Greek life can positively act upon your college calling and the remainder of your life. The first manner is to be successful in life which means desiring to make good academically. to graduate on clip and happen a good occupation. and to hold wise mans and friends to assist me develop as a pupil and as a individual. This is possible because fraternities/sororities stress academic excellence and many alumnas members can assist occupation arrangement. The 2nd manner where your life can be influenced positively harmonizing to NAIFC is to be a better individual. This means desiring to be a leader. to work efficaciously and to face inappropriate behaviour. to larn to interact socially. and to be a responsible individual among other things. The 3rd manner is to organize womb-to-tomb friendly relationship. This means desiring to happen a close-knit of friends assisting one another with common values and involvement. When I started college in 1962 I was a lone wolf. even introvert. and had neer been involved in extra-curricular activities. Then I joined a fraternity in 1966. and I became a campus figure. The 4th manner where your life can be influenced positively harmonizing to NAIFC is to hold fun in college. This means desiring to take part in campus events. to hold emphasis alleviating activities. and run into new people making new things. Before I joined a fraternity. pupil life was truly deadening. All surveies without drama. I was good in faculty members but really hapless in political relations. I was really hapless in leading and human dealingss. After I joined a fraternity I became the president of two major campus organisations. the News Editor of the school organ. the Editor-in-Chief of the Annual Yearbook. and was appointed as the Secretary of the Department of Internal and External Information of the Executive Branch of the Student Body Organization. In add-on to the predating study of NAIFC. Cesar Gonzales. a Daily Titan Staff Writer in his article posted at the Internet on December 11. 2009 corroborated the same by stating that. Being in a fraternity builds friendly relationship and character. Rightly said ; in fact this is a familiar statement one will hear when person is asked why he/she joined a fraternity or sorority. But his thought that one joined a fraternity to acquire the full college experience and to hold merriment and run into new people to be able to populate the college life needs farther account. I rather agree with the thought but I have some reserves. In fact the members that I met for the first clip became my brothers and sisters ; non merely friends. But fraternity work is non all for merriment. It is possible that Greek-letter organisations vary in aims. mission. vision. and methods of work. But I’m certain that many fraternities/sororities consider rank a lifetime committedness of constructing a wholesome household characterized by love and integrity. Loving is non ever for merriment. Most frequently than non. it is denying oneself in order to execute service. Loving person is accepting a duty. Anyway. one time you’re a member of a fraternity/sorority. you are expected to take part in many events like meetings. conferences. seminars and other clip devouring committednesss. And there are of these organisations that conduct group surveies and reappraisal for term scrutiny. Of class there are fun-related activities like parties. field daies. jaunts or athleticss. But ever the intent is acquiring to cognize you. In some ways. being a fraternity or sorority member is more like of taking a lifestyle than merely for leisure. To be a good member one has to be willing and available for these events. But many people have the incorrect impression that fraternity or sorority life is all about partying. So unluckily. negative stereotypes about fraternity/sorority life are abundant and fellow pupils. even friends will judge you cruelly because of your rank. This is hence a existent challenge to Greek-letter organisations to turn out otherwise. There are fraternities/sororities that academic accomplishment among other things is a serious concern. Their attitudes towards analyzing and run intoing high pedant records are really positive. So. when you have this sort of fraternity/sorority. the feeling that fall ining these organisations would eat up your clip and consequence to the disregard of your surveies is non at all a sweeping statement. In fact most fraternities/sororities I knew require that those who would come in plighting must hold no neglecting classs. The advantages of fall ining a fraternity or sorority was besides emphasized by Harlan Cohen in his article Greek Life posted on September 24. 2007 that there are chances for leading one time you join this sort of organisation. He said that so much of Grecian life is about accomplishment and leading and the pupils who make up the largest per centum of leaders on campuses are Greeks. I agree with all of these. I will unwrap latter that all of the establishing members of my fraternity occupied top ranking elected and appointed places in the pupil organic structure organisation and were leaders in civic and societal organisations in the campus. But Cohen on the other manus besides enumerated the disadvantages in fall ining a fraternity/sorority. One is clip committedness that competes with survey clip that the student’s classs may endure. This contradicts to the aim of academic excellence of a fraternity/sorority. Cohen farther said that another disadvantage of fall ining a fraternity/sorority is money. indicating out that there can be an atrocious batch of incidental disbursals. Actually. this is non true to all fraternities. In my fraternity and sister sorority. our fiscal duty was merely one peso per hebdomad. Then. Cohen besides said that there is besides that danger of exposing oneself to enticements of sex and intoxicant. This is possible. but the truth is deficiency of morality and indulging to frailties can go on to anybody ; member or non member to these organisations. It depends on the individual. Possibly bad company. or hapless household upbringing. or deficiency of supplications can be one of the causes. But it is non by and large correct to impute the bad luck to the fraternity or sorority. Coming to college is one of the major life alterations that your boy or girl will travel through. Joining a fraternity or sorority chapter will assist do the passage easier. Developing womb-to-tomb friendly relationships with the members in their chapter helps do the campus seem smaller. For many members. these chapters become a place off from place. In add-on to the brotherhood/sisterhood. every chapter is dedicated to heightening leading. scholarship. and philanthropy/community service. These ideals form the foundation of the fraternity and sorority experience. and are upheld within a civilization of support and growing through academic support plans. leading preparation and hands-on experience. educational workshops. societal events and undertakings for community service and philanthropic gift. In my instance I co-founded Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity-Philippines to set up support system among technology pupils in order to complete the class on clip and base on balls successfully the Board Examination. In add-on to our concern for high academic public presentation. we besides wanted to larn leading in campus organisations and other extra-curricular activities. And since I didn’t like the patterns of the bing fraternity in the campus. we decided to organize a new fraternity that will transport out our beliefs. inspirations and ideals. So the issue of disbursals. clip for analyzing. alcohol addiction. or even acquiring involve with the opposite sex were neer a concern in the organisation. It was earlier mentioned that rank to these organisations is lifetime. Hence. after graduation the alumnas members carry with them the rights and benefits of rank. That’s why in her article posted in the website October 16. 2006 entitled Grecian Life: Advantages. Naomi Rockler Gladen said that â€Å"When you’re looking for a occupation a few old ages from now. your accomplishment set frequently is non every bit of import as your connexions. This is unfortunate. but it’s a world. Grecian rank is a great manner to link with people. both in your pledge category and through members who have graduated and joined the on the job universe. I know of a esteemed private corporation in Manila. Philippines that is owned by a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon where all the employees ; supervisors and rank-and-files belong to the same fraternity.

How To Use Cuando in Spanish

How To Use Cuando in Spanish Cuando or its question form, cundo, is the Spanish word used most often for when. It can be used as an interrogative pronoun, subordinating conjunction, or preposition. Fortunately, its use is usually straightforward for Spanish students because as a pronoun or conjunction it is used in much the same way as the English word. Cundo in Questions In questions, cundo is always used with a verb in the indicative mood, the most common type. As in the final two examples, cundo can also be used in indirect questions.  ¿Cundo pasà ³ el cometa Halley por à ºltima vez? (When did Halleys comet last pass by?) ¿Cundo es Semana Santa en Espaà ±a este aà ±o? (When is Holy Week in Spain this year?) ¿Hasta cundo dura la ola de frà ­o? (How long will the cold wave last? Literally: Until when will the cold wave last?) ¿Cundo ganarà © la loterà ­a? (When will I win the lottery?)Quieren saber cundo voy a dar a luz. (They want  to know when Im going to give birth.)No entiendo cundo se usan las palabras por y para. (I dont understand when the words por and para are used.)No sabemos cundo aprendià ³ a atarse los zapatos. (We dont know when she learned to tie her shoes.) Note how cundo is spelled with an orthographic accent. The accent doesnt affect its pronunciation. Cuando as a Subordinator When cuando is used used to introduce a clause (a series of words that could be a sentence but form a longer phrase starting with cuando), either the indicative or subjunctive mood can be used in that clause. The choice of moods depends on whether the action of the verb has been completed. As a subordinating conjunction, cuando - usually translated as when or whenever - typically is followed by a verb in the indicative mood when that verb refers to something that has already occurred or is occurring in the present. The present includes referring to an event that has occurred and could continue to occur. Boldface verbs in these samples indicate the subordinate verb in the indicative mood: Recuerdo cuando llegaron mis padres. (I remember when my parents came.)La à ºltima vez fue cuando dos miembros del equipo fueron detenidos. (The last time was when two members of the team were arrested.)Ana cometià ³ dos errores cuando comprà ³ la bicicleta.  (Ana made two mistakes when she bought the bicycle.)No hay nada que hacer cuando la và ­ctima ya est muerta. (There is nothing to do when the victim is already dead.)Nadie me paga cuando estoy enfermo. (Nobody pays me when Im sick.)Come cuando tengas hambre, no sà ³lo cuando el reloj dice que es hora de comer. (Eat when you are hungry, not just when the clock says its time to eat.)Cuando vamos a la ciudad siempre es porque hay mil cosas que hacer allà ­. (When we go to the city it is always because there are a thousand  things to do there.) In contrast, the present-tense subjunctive mood typically follows cuando when verb referring to an action or state of being that has yet to occur. Note how use of the subjunctive isnt accompanied by a corresponding verb change in the English translation.  Boldfaced verbs here are in the subjunctive: Llegaremos cuando debamos y no antes. (We will arrive when we should and not before.)Mà ­rame a los ojos cuando hables.  (Look in my eyes when you speak.)Despià ©rtame cuando lleguen tus amigos. (Wake me up when your friends arrive.)Vamos a hacerlo cuando seamos capaces. (We are going to do it when we are capable.) ¿Quà © voy a hacer cuando està © viejo? (What am I going to do when I am old?)Cuando vayamos a la ciudad sea porque habrn mil cosas que hacer allà ­. (When we go to the city, it will be because there will be a thousand things to do there.) Cuando as a Preposition Although not particularly common, cuando also can be a preposition. In these instances, cuando means at the time of, although you may have to improvise with the translation rather than translating word for word. Voy a estar triste cuando insolvencia. (Ill be sad when an insolvency occurs.)No he pensado cà ³mo serà © cuando adulto. (I have not thought of how Ill be as an adult.)Apaga la llama cuando hervir. (Turn off the flame when boiling occurs.) Key Takeaways When cundo is used in a question to mean when, a written accent is used with the .Cuando (without a written accent) is frequently used to introduced a clause that can be in either the indicative or subjunctive mood.Unlike the English when, cuando is sometimes used as a preposition and cannot be translated directly.

Literature review of Acupuncture as an adjunct in Drug and Alcohol Essay

Literature review of Acupuncture as an adjunct in Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal - Essay Example This study was able to establish that there was a strong consensus among clients and staff interviewed that acupuncture had a beneficial impact in terms of helping patient relax, reducing his anxiety and pain. 2. Mills, E., Wu, P., Gagnier, J., and Ebbert, J., (2005). Efficacy of acupuncture for cocaine dependence: a systematic review & meta-analysis. Harm Reduction Journal 2(4), pp. 1-6. In this paper, the authors systematically evaluated and analyzed the randomized controlled trials on acupuncture in the management of cocaine addiction. The authors were able to cover 10 databases using different inclusion criteria. All in all, the authors established that the meta-analysis does not support the use of acupuncture in the management of cocaine dependence. However, most of the trials had issues with a significant loss in their follow-up, thus lessening the impact of the inferences drawn. 3. Black, S., Carey, E., Webber, A., Neish, N., and Gilbert, R. (2011). Determining the efficacy of auricular acupuncture for reducing anxiety in patients withdrawing from psychoactive drugs. J Subst Abuse Treat., 41(3):279-87 This study hypothesized that auricular acupuncture can reduce the anxiety caused by withdrawal from psychoactive drugs. ... lar acupuncture was not more effective than sham or control treatments in reducing anxiety and the use of acupuncture in the management of drug withdrawal is still controversial. 4. Killeen, T. and Brady, K. (1997). A preliminary study of the effects of auricular acupuncture on alcohol and drug withdrawal symptoms. Substance Abuse, 18(3). The authors set out to evaluate the impact of auricular acupuncture in reducing stress in drug withdrawal patients. About 60 patients were covered by this paper with questionnaires used after initial treatment with acupuncture. Their rate of distress was measured. The authors were able to establish that there were statistically significant improvements seen on all measures for the subjects during the pre and post testing period. QUESTION 2 Literature Review Introduction Alternative and complementary medicine has long been part of our conventional medicine practice, especially in many parts of Asia and in the African region. For the West, their focus has always been on conventional and modern medicine and the adaptation of alternative therapies has not found widespread acceptance. There are various risks involved in the use of alternative and complementary medicine, especially as its applications are not supported by scientific studies and research. This paper shall establish a critical analysis of literature on acupuncture and its impact on drug withdrawal. This paper shall provide a critical analysis based on specific literature on the subject matter. First, an overview of the acupuncture shall be discussed, along with a general description of drug withdrawal. Secondly, an overview of available literature on the subject matter shall be presented. Thirdly, a critical analysis of gaps within these studies will be discussed. Lastly, a